Racism In America Essays (1366 words) - Discrimination, Racism

Racism in America To Kill a Mockingbird is a story about bravery and courage in a small town. Racism is present and is the main theme throughout the story. Everyone in Maycomb County is consumed by the hatred and impurities of prejudice, everyone but the main character, Atticus Finch. He was a lawyer in the small Alabama community who helped defend a black man, Tom Robinson, who was accused of raping Mayella Ewell. Atticus goes through some tough times as this trial is going on, as well as his kids, Scout and Jem. They are all called nigger-lovers and such. Harper Lee wrote this particular story with determination and perseverence in mind. She wanted people to realize that racism is real and it does no good at all, only harm. She was well acknowledged for writing the book, To Kill A Mockingbird. It won a number of awards and was then made into a movie which was a box-office smash. To Kill a Mockingbird was a book about realistic issues; such as racism and the troubles and hardships of growing up. ...Everybody jumped on him, beat the hell out of him....Everyone was hitting him or kicking him. One guy was hitting on the side of his face....He was unconscious. He was bleeding. Everyone had blood on their forearms. We ran back up the hill laughing...He should have died....He lost so much blood he turned white. He got what he deserved (Dave 71). The skinheads who performed this act of racial violence in 1990, had no reason to Blair 2 brutally beat their victim other the fact that he was black. Racism is objectively defined as any practice of ethnic discrimination or segregation. Fortunately, racial violence is steadily declining as the turn of the century approaches. Now a new form of racism, covert racism, has recently sprung from the pressures of political correctness. This new form of racism, although slowly declining, still shows signs of strong support (Dietch 6). Covert racism assumes a form of civil disobedience against politically correct thought and speech. Essentially, covert racism is a hidden racism, or a racism not easily detected (Dietch 7). Racism is still strongly prevalent in today's society (Newquist 404). There are three different basic forms of racism: violent racism, open racism, and covert racism. They are similar because they all share the expressed forms of hatred towards distinct ethnic groups. These basic forms of racism, although different in form, all have the same main purpose: to promote racism. Open racism expresses freedom of racial thought and speech. Open racists promote their views through strictly persuasionary tactics. This form of racism is allowed in out society because of the First Amendment. Open racism is currently almost nonexistent and steadily declining, because it is considered politically incorrect and socially unacceptable. Violent racism promotes racism through violence, fear, and persuasionary tactics (Billington 110-111). This form of racism is not protected by the First Amendment because it promotes violence, and therefore these groups are protected by the First Amendment because not enough Blair 3 sufficient evidence exists to prove their violent intent (Billington 111). Covert racism expresses ideas of racism in disguised forms: sometimes the covert racist is not even aware of the fact that he is a racist. Racism, it is asserted, is no longer blatant; people nowadays are reluctant to express openly their dislike of and contempt for minorities, indeed are not prepared to express publicly a sentiment that could be interpreted as a racist (Erisman 127). Racism, it is said, is subtle: it is disguised, kept out of sight. The suggestion that there is a new racism--a racism that has a new strength precisely because it doesn't appear to be racism--deserves serious consideration. Avoiding minorities on the street and denial of a public benefit to a minority which would be awarded to a white are examples of covert racism. Since it is no longer politically correct to openly express one's racist views, people therefore favor disguised, indirect ways to express their bigotry (Cash). Covert racism is the most abundant form of racism in our society today. What causes racism? Unfortunately, the answer is much longer and detailed than the question. The three main causes for racism are: racism has become part of our heritage, right-wing radical and political

The Controversy of Stem Cell Research

The Controversy of Stem Cell Research Free Online Research Papers For years scientists have experimented, studied, and researched to find cures to numerous devastating diseases. It has been questioned whether many of those diseases will ever be cured. At the present time, the best, and possibly even the only way to develop a cure for those diseases can be found through the research of embryonic stem cells. Unfortunately, stem cell research is being hindered by people and organizations who are opposed to it. There are many moral issues behind this, and there are strong reasons on both sides. First: perhaps it would be best to explain what a stem cell is. In the executive summary for an essay done by the Health and Human Services Department and the National Institutes of Health about the scientific progress and future directions of stem cell research, it explains stem cells as follows: A stem cell is a special kind of cell that has a unique capacity to renew itself and to give rise to specialized cell types. Although most cells of the body, such as heart cells or skin cells, are committed to a specific function, a stem cell is uncommitted and remains uncommitted, until it receives a signal to develop into a specialized cell. Their proliferate capacity combined with the ability to become specialized makes stem cells unique. Researchers have for years looked for ways to use stem cells to replace cells and tissues that are damaged or diseased. Recently, stem cells have received much attention. What is new and what has brought stem cell biology to the forefront of science and public policy? Stem cell research has many positive benefits to it. One of the worlds worst diseases, cancer, has gone a long time without a cure. Some people would even doubt that there could be a cure. Since stem cell research has emerged, though, many opinions on the cure for cancer have changed. Scientists now see, through the research of stem cells, the possibly for finding a cure for cancer. If that is true, why then, is it, that many people are opposed to stem cell research? The question, Is an embryo a human being, or is it not? is what Matt Moulton, an eccentric supporter of stem cell research, says is the reason for all of the controversy. Why does it matter? Stem cells are taken from the embryo of what will become a human being, or in some peoples opinion, already is a human being. Even if it is a human being, what is the problem with taking a few cells? The embryonic would eventually develop into the testes or the ovaries. Hence, if the embryo ever fully developed, it would develop without those parts, which are essential parts of the human body. Of course, it all depends on whether one is correct in considering the embryo as a human or not. Even if it can be considered as human, would it not be worth it for what could be accomplished through the research of the stem cells? In the same executive summary as mentioned above, it gives an idea on what stem cell research can accomplish: Stem cells may hold the key to replacing cells lost in many devastating diseases. There is little doubt that this potential benefit underpins the vast interest about stem cell research. What are some of these diseases? Parkinsons disease, diabetes, chronic heart disease, end-stage kidney disease, liver failure, and cancer are just a few for which stem cells have therapeutic potential. For many diseases that shorten lives, there are no effective treatments but the goal is to find a way to replace what natural processes have taken away. For example, today, science has brought us to a point where the immune response can be subdued, so that organs from one person can be used to replace the diseased organs and tissues of another. But, despite recent advances in transplantation sciences, there is a shortage of donor organs that makes it unlikely that the growing demand for lifesaving organ replacements will be fully met through organ donation strategies. From that passage, one could see the numerous benefits that come from stem cell research. Many would say that the benefits are enough that it would be worth risking the possibility of the embryo being considered a human being. The possibility of curing cancer, Parkinsons disease, and many others is something that some would consider more valuable that the life of something that may not even be considered a human being. Even so, there are still many who oppose it. In many ways, it is treading the same territory as the questions about abortion, but that is another topic. The morality of experimenting on part of what may someday be a human being is one of the biggest problems. There are many religious conflicts with this, as well. Questions that emerge about stem cell research are often times similar to ones about cloning, as much of the concept is similar. But it all depends on how you view the idea. Are you ruining an embryo or a human? Stem cell research can also find the causes and possibly ways to prevent birth defects. So one could say, that by messing up a few babies, it is saving thousands. In many ways it is a question of putting the individual or the whole first. Is it wrong to sacrifice soldiers for the sake of a country? Is it wrong to sacrifice embryos for the sake of humanity? Suppose scientist were wrong in their assumption that all of those diseases could be cured? Then they messed up a lot of embryos, or maybe even humans, all to no avail. Then a lot of embryos were sacrificed, and nothing was gained; the soldiers were sacrificed for the nation that lost the war. In that case, those who oppose stem cell research would have been right in opposing it. Of course, no one will know until they try it. If nobody puts money into researching stem cells, and everyone is opposed to it, then no one will ever find out if it really can cure all of those diseases. If people do support stem cell research, though, then they will find out if it is possible to cure cancer, diabetes, Parkinsons disease, and so many others. If it is possible, society made a good choice; if it isnt possible, society made a big mistake. Who can say which is right and which is wrong? Again supposing that embryos really are human. Its a very moral question, there. Are you ruining what would develop into a human being, or are you ruining something that is merely an embryo, without any human attributes to it yet? Are you taking what would be a living, breathing, human being, and using a part of it to make tissue and organs for another human body, or is it just another embryo? Those questions may never be fully answered. Compare it to this analogy. Looking back to the early nineteenth century America, back when African-Americans were mostly in slavery. White slave owners used their slaves to do most of their work, while they sat back and made more money. The white slave owners were building the economy and keeping the fledgling nation financially secure. Of course, it didnt matter that all of the wealth was gained at the expense of the slaves; because, after all, they were slaves, not people, right? Compare that to the research of stem cells. Scientists are taking the stem cells from the embryos, just to find a cure for some diseases; it doesnt matter, of course, because their just embryos, not humans. It all depends on how one looks at it. That could be an acceptable excuse, and it could not. It all comes down to the simple fact that it cannot be decided which side is right. If the cures could be found through stem cell research, then perhaps it could be worth the loss. If the cures cant be found, and all it really does is ruin a bunch of babies, then it was a mistake. At the current moment, not enough is known to decide which is right. In favor of continuing research on stem cells, the same executive summary from the NIH and the HHS states: Predicting the future of stem cell applications is impossible, particularly given the very early stage of the science of stem cell biology. To date, it is impossible to predict which stem cells- those derived from the embryo, the fetus, or the adult- or which methods for manipulating the cells, will best meet the needs of basic research and clinical applications. The answers clearly lie in conducting more research. So those who support it want more research, whereas those who oppose it dont want to sacrifice any more embryos to do the research. Which one is right in their actions? Who could say? Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and future research directions Department of Health and Human Services June 2001 Stem Cell Research Foundation AAAS/ICS Report on Stem Cell Research Institute for Stem Cell research at the University of Edinburgh Moulton, Matt. Personal Interview. 18 Dec. 2003 Research Papers on The Controversy of Stem Cell ResearchGenetic EngineeringBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital PunishmentThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andOpen Architechture a white paper

American Government Journal Topics

American Government Journal Topics Journal topics can be another method  for students to learn about American Government. The following topics can be used in Civics and American Government courses: Democracy to me means†¦An alien has just landed. Explain to that alien the purpose of government.Identify a need in your school that you believe should be addressed. Write in your journal what changes you believe should be made as if you were presenting this to your principal.Describe what you believe life would be like in a dictatorship.What questions would you specifically like to ask the President of the United States?Taxes in this country are†¦If I could add an amendment to the constitution it would be†¦Capital punishment is†¦Which is more important to your daily life: local government, state government, or federal government? Explain in our journal why you answered as you did.The state of _____ (fill in your state) is unique because†¦I consider myself (republican, democrat, independent) because†¦Republicans are†¦Democrats are†¦If you could step back in time, what questions would you ask the founding fathers?Which Founding Father or Foundin g Mother would you most like to meet? Why?What three words would you use to describe America? Explain how you plan to participate in government as you grow older.Public opinion polls are†¦Imagine that the school board has decided to eliminate your favorite program from school. For example, they might have decided to do away with art classes, band, track and field, etc. What could you do to protest this move?A president should be†¦

The learning and teaching of mathematics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The learning and teaching of mathematics - Essay Example The paper tells that decimal notation is a crisis experienced by children in mathematics. The researcher has faced instances where some children are unable to distinguish between small and large values when presented with decimal points. When the subject of decimals is first introduced to primary school children, there is a general belief that when the number is long, the value is high. This means that there is an existing problem in the ability to differentiate the values of digits with decimal points. For example, when the researcher ask children to assign the number with the highest values between 5.555, 5.55 and 5.5, 5.555 is given as the answer. The reasons children give are arguably connected to the way they view whole numbers and denote decimal points. This trend can be explained by a number of misconceptions in decimal notation. There is a general belief that numbers with more digits represent high values than those with small values. 5.555 is believed to have a large value t han 5.5 because 5.555 has four digits that make the number look bigger, and 5.5 has two digits that make the number look smaller. While this explanation may be true in some cases, several combination of numbers may not adhere to the misconception. For example, in differentiating between 0.12, 0.111 and 0.1012, children pick 0.1012 as the number with the greatest value because 0.12 has three digits, 0.111 has four and 0.1012 has five, hence, the more the number of the digits, the higher the value of the number. In reality, 0.12 has a higher value compared to 0.1012.

Equity and Trusts Assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Equity and Trusts Assignment - Case Study Example The second general point is that in order for any trust provision to be valid, it must comply with the rule set out in Knight v Knight2 by Lord Langdale MR. This states that there must be three certainties in the trust provision, certainty of words, certainty of subject matter and certainty of objects.3 The certainty of words requirement was described in Re Kayford Ltd.4 as being akin to a certainty of intention. The intention is to impose a mandatory obligation on the trustees of how the trust property is to be dealt with. Regarding certainty of subject matter I do no see any issues. English law has long recognised the distinction between real and personal property, with real property being land, interests in land, and fixtures.6 Coupled with the condition that the property be in England and Wales, this description would allow for a clear identification of the trust property. Per Ungoed-Thomas, in Re Golay7 as long as property is capable of ascertainment, it will be valid. Regarding certainty of objects, if this is a discretionary trust then the requirement, as set out by the House of Lords in Macphail v Doulton8 is that it must be possible to determine whether any individual is within the class of beneficiaries or not, with absolute certainty. The Court of Appeal further clarified this requirement by stating9 that what was required with a discretionary trust was 'conceptual certainty' of the class. 'Evidential certainty' would then only be required for the members of the class that were actually to benefit, and the rest of the class, or the 'complete list' of beneficiaries need not be defined. However, since it states that the proceeds are to be distributed equally, it could also be a fixed trust, in which case the stricter requirement, known as 'complete list' certainty is required10. This means that there must be 'conceptual certainty' regarding who is or can potentially be a beneficiary. As well as this, there must be 'evidential certainty' identifying clearly, every single member of the class. Only if full certainty is present in both of these senses, will the trust be upheld as certain of objects. In this case, it should not be too difficult to establish who are the grandchildren of Marcus and therefore this provision should be successful. My shares in Delta to be sold and the proceeds, at the discretion of my trustees, to the employees and ex-employees of Delta. According to the beneficiary principle, 'for a trust to be valid it must be for the benefit of individuals'.11 This follows the simple logic that without beneficiaries, there is no owner of the property. This is the basic reason why purpose trusts, trusts that have as their goal some purpose other than the direct benefit of persons, are also invalid. However, in Re Denley's Trust Deed12 it was held that the maintenance of property for the benefit of

Operationalize Sustainability Essay Example for Free

Operationalize Sustainability Essay â€Å"We must strive to become systems thinkers if we are to benefit from the interrelationships of the triple bottom line of sustainability: mission, environment, and community† (sustainability. army. mil). Welcome to the Army strategy for the environment. As one of the largest organizations in America, the Army has joined the movement towards sustainability. With 4 available resources, 5 functional areas and 7 programs and implementation tools, the Army is surging forward with applying sustainability practices. The purpose of this work is to divulge into the Army’s P2, or Pollution Prevention program, as well as giving alternate suggestions on preventing waste. Pollution Prevention (P2) is defined as the systematic effort to minimize, or eliminate altogether, process waste and other pollutants before that are generated (army. mil). P2 is a program that is just one tool to help achieve sustainability. This program can be applied to almost every aspect from field training, housing, family life, installation operations and munitions productions. To operationalize the P2 program, the Army has applied the basic principles of pollution prevention as well as developed the P2 hierarchy: reduce, reuse, recycle and dispose in an environmentally safe manner. The first priority in the hierarchy is reduction. The Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) defines this as â€Å"Any practice which 1) reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream or otherwise released into the environment (including fugitive emissions) prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal; and 2) reduces the hazards to public ealth and the environment associated with the release of such substances, pollutants, or contaminants. The term includes equipment or technology modifications, process or procedure modifications, reformulation or redesign of products, substitution of raw materials, and improvements in housekeeping, maintenance, training, or inventory control† (army. mil) In the P2 program, this definition is applied to the broad goal of reducing or eliminating the environmental impacts of consuming resources and the waste that is generated from it. This waste can come from Army vehicle maintenance such as oil changes or leaving computers and lights on at the end of the work day. Reuse and recycle in hierarchy are meant for pollution that cannot be prevented. In this case, pollution should be treated in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible. â€Å"The resources of a nation must be constantly managed: expanded then gathered, gathered then distributed each person or group sometimes gaining, sometimes losing, but always treated fairly and with respect. (O’Toole, 1993, p. 108) For example, Fort Bragg Army base in North Carolina has built an entire village out of materials recycled or diverted from the Fort Bragg landfill. This recycled â€Å"trash† village is used in training and preparing troops for deployment. If the first three actions cannot be taken, the last step in the P2 hierarchy is to disposal, removal and discharge of pollution into the environment should be employed only as a last resort and should be conducted in an environmentally safe manner. We will look at how these problems have arisen, and how they are all symptoms of a way of living that we have taken for granted, which has produced great progress but also growing side effects† (Senge, 2008, p. 10) While this program and many others are giving the Army advances in the right direction toward sustainability, there are other efforts that can be made to help prevent waste. In sustainability, waste is not reserved to trash alone. Waste can be the unnecessary use of, or degradation, of resources. For the Army, a suggestion for prevention can be monitoring the use of electronics. Each office in the military has several computers since the military communicates largely with emails, share drives and electronic training and personnel records. These computers are continuously on throughout the day, even after personnel go home. â€Å"U. S. organizations squander $2. 8 billion a year to power unused machines, emitting about 20 million tons of carbon dioxide†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Swartz, 2009) In some cases, such as hospitals with shift workers, there may be a need for active computers. In other cases, the Army can implement a timer, programmed for the end of a shift, to turn off all computers. The exception may be to leave one on for additional use of people working late, but the others would automatically shut off, saving the energy use instead of having computers in sleep mode throughout the night. â€Å"Simply shutting down PCs at night can save a company with 10,000 PCs over $260,000 a year and 1,871 tons of carbon dioxide emissions, the report says. (Swartz, 2009) The same goes for radios, printers, faxes, unnecessary machinery and all other excessive electronics. Another suggestion would be to create self-sustaining gyms. Exercise and the military go hand in hand. Exercise is directed and required to have a successful military career. Many people go to the gym, not just active duty but also dependent spouses, veterans, civil service workers and civilians with base access. The treadmill, elliptical, bikes and stair climbers are the most used equipment in the gym due to the diversity of patrons. Eco-friendly gyms have been popping up worldwide. † (Huey, 2008) This can be used to the Army’s advantage by using the energy output from the machines in use to generate the electricity for the lighting in the gym and operation of TVs. Instead of having TVs on and available at all times, have TVs operational only on the machine while it is in use, being powered by the operator. â€Å"A unique and key feature of green gyms is that they can actually use the energy generated from people exercising and use that to power their facilities. (Huey, 2008) Obviously this may not sustain an entire gym, considering air conditioning, heating and the size of the gym to include playing courts, but this can help to drastically lower energy usage. The Army also wastes equipment, which can produce pollution upon disposal. This equipment is the boots, jackets, uniforms, camel packs, Gerber tools, etc. that is issued to troops. When a troop completes basic training, or boot camp, the required initial equipment items are issued. When a troop deploys to an overseas location, new equipment is issued, even if the troop recently completed boot camp. This results in a double issue of equipment to the same troops, with no requirement to turn in unused or unneeded equipment. â€Å"While Soldiers have embraced the RFI process, they recently identified one noteworthy problem area in the RFI process: Their clothing records having duplicate items that were previously issued. † (Maj. Wright, 2009) Military members are also issued a clothing allowance every year for new uniforms. This results in money lost and equipment waste and abuse. Troops can throw away unused equipment without properly recycling the materials. To help put a check on equipment, the Army can implement a â€Å"turn in, tag out† system. This means troops will have to turn in old, worn out equipment, such as boots, to be issued new pairs. A â€Å"tag out† on issued items will be kept electronically in a database to ensure individuals are not being issued double items. Supply personnel can look up by name and determine if the troop has already received an item. With old equipment being turned into supply, the right people can properly and environmentally safely dispose or recycle used equipment. Also, by documenting equipment that is issued out and what equipment is being turned in, supply personnel will be better equipped in ordering new items efficiently rather than ordering excessive products and wasting money. Although the Army has taken many positive steps toward operationalizing sustainability, there are many more that can be taken. The Army may never be fully sustainable due to numerous training missions that use fuel, energy and natural resources, but every effort counts toward reducing, recycling and disposing of pollution properly. These advances can be applied toward other military branches as well. For instance, the Navy dumps thousands of gallons of fuel into our atmosphere to make the planes lighter and able to land on carriers at sea. While this maneuver is done for safety, the amount of gas put into the plane initially is known to be too much upon landing. This is an obvious area to improve on. Sustainability can be operationalized by every business, organization and company in the world. â€Å"What weve discovered on our journey is that implementing sustainability is a lot like implementing any other corporate change initiative. (Hitchcock, 2006, p. 167) The military is always changing and always adapting. In conclusion, the Army has many programs and tools that are operationalizing sustainability practices. The P2 program is a great start to handling systems that produce waste and pollution. The hierarchy of reduce, reuse, recycle and dispose of in an environmentally safe manner is the right mindset for sustainability. The Army also has areas that can be improved upon, as with any company. The Army is making progress towards sustainability, which is progress in the right direction for a better future. Bibliography http://www.greeniacs.com/GreeniacsArticles/Gyms-Get-Sustainable.html www.gdrc.org/sustdev/concepts/19-n-step.html http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/environment/2009-03-25-pc-power-company-costs_N.htm http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/about_ikea/pdf/sustainability_Report_2009.pdf

Nuclear Energy :: essays research papers fc

You are watching the control panels and gages for rector two. Sitting comely you think about how easy your job is. It is a joke! All day you sit around and watch the gages for reactor number two just to make sure they maintain their settings. You don't even need to look at the gages either because a computer automatically regulates them without you. Life is so good. Suddenly all the sirens go of and the gages and displays spin wildly in every direction. The ground shakes and you can hear the sound of a deep rumble. Unknown to you, the reactor's cooling pumps have failed to cool the reactor's core and in 3 seconds the temperature went from 280 degrees centigrade to 4,000 degrees centigrade. The water that was in the reactor is instantly turned to steam which creates tremendous amount of pressure in the reactor core. Above the reactor core there is a 5 foot thick lead plate and above that there is a meter thick floor composed of iron, barium, serpentine, concrete, and stone. The exploding steam fires the floor up like shrapnel. The metal plate goes through the four foot thick concrete roof like butter and reaches and altitude of sixty meters. You can hear ripping, rending, wrenching, screeching, scraping, tearing sounds of a vast machine breaking apart. L. Ray Silver, a leading author who covered the disaster at Chernobyl, said that within the core, steam reacts with zirconium to produce that first explosive in nature's arsenal, hydrogen. Near-molten fuel fragments shatter nearly incandescent graphite, torching chunks of it, exploding the hydrogen. The explosion breaks every pipe in the building rocking it with such power that the building is split into sections (11-13). You look down at your body and notice that it feels hot and your hands look different. Unknown to you a tremendous amount of neutrons are hitting your cells and taking chucks out of your skin. Suddenly everything goes black.The paragraph above describes the scene of what happened at Chernobyl nuclear plant a few years ago. From that time until the present many other smaller accidents have happened. From these accidents many people have died and millions have been indirectly affected. Nuclear energy has far to many negative problems than advantages. From the mining of uranium to disposal of nuclear waist there are problems of such magnitude that no scientist on this earth has an answer for.

The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 14

Micha We end up racing home. I let her win, even though I'd love to have the favor, which would include lots of dirty things that she's not ready for. So now I owe her a favor and she tells me she has to think about it, with this little tease in her voice that makes me grin. We part ways at our houses and she leaves me with the promise she'll try to come over later tonight. She's slowly changing back into the girl I know, although that night still haunts her eyes, but I'm not sure she'll ever really get over it completely. It's still raining and lightning like hell, which means the party's going to have to take place inside. Ethan and I drag the wet keggers inside and stand them on the kitchen table. There's a note tacked on the wall from my mom, telling me she's going to be home late. Ethan starts rummaging through the cupboards for some food. â€Å"What band's playing?† â€Å"Naomi's.† I head to my room to change and get my guitar. â€Å"Answer the door if anyone knocks.† In my room, I tug on a grey t-shirt and pull a black pin-striped shirt over it. I slip on a pair of black jeans and put on a studded belt. Then I grab my guitar and text Naomi. Me: When u planning on heading over?† Naomi: Soon. Why? You waiting on us to tell us some super exciting news. Me: I haven't decided yet. Naomi: Don't turn it down. It's a great opportunity. Me: I'm not sayin yes or no. See u in a bit. When Naomi took me backstage at the coffeehouse, she first proposed the idea that I should replace their guitarist and hit the road with them. At first, I was all for it. It's what I've wanted to do since I was twelve and rocked out with Ethan and Dean in the garage. But then I thought back to Ella's sad eyes and doubts washed over me. The doorbell rings and I head to the living room to get the party started and clear my head for one night. Ella By the time I decide to go over to Micha's, things are already getting out of hand. Cars are parked on the lawn, and garbage cans are tipped over. Someone's even sitting on the roof. Lila talks me into going and we run up the driveway with our arms over our heads to shield our hair from the rain, but the crowded foyer overwhelms me and I start to back out. â€Å"Stop being a baby and go in there,† she says, giving me a gentle shove forward. â€Å"I want to see the tough girl everyone keeps talking about.† â€Å"No, you don't. Trust me,† I tell her. â€Å"She was mean and she would have never been friends with you.† â€Å"Okay, then show me a happy medium.† She has a dark blue, strapless dress on that matches her shoes and her blonde hair rests on her shoulders in curls, which have slipped loose because of the rain. â€Å"You can change yourself without losing your identity completely.† I turn away from the crowd toward her. â€Å"Why have we never talked like this before?† She smiles sadly. â€Å"Because you would never let us.† She says something else, but the music stifles her words. I fan the smoke from my face and step into the kitchen. Holding the bottom of my black skirt, I maneuver through the crowd toward the table. I lose Lila for a moment, but when the crowd thins, Lila stumbles out, stomping on a guy's foot with her high heel. She curses, fussing with her hair. â€Å"Has Micha ever heard of a little thing called air conditioning?† â€Å"He probably forgot to turn it on!† I shout over the music. â€Å"Wait here. I'll go turn it up.† I squeeze through the crowd toward the living room and the band. The music is deafening and I realize it's Micha playing with Naomi. They're sharing the microphone and he looks like he's enjoying himself. I stop in the middle of the room and watch him from the crowd. He's gorgeous under the light with his hair hanging in his eyes as he spills out his lyrics to people and strums on the guitar. I back through the room and into the hall. There's a couple making out in front of the thermostat. The music quiets down and then starts up again as I gently guide them over and they move out of my way without breaking their lips from each other. Fanning my face, I turn up the cold air. Suddenly, long arms encircle my waist and the scent of him fills my chest. â€Å"I thought you were playing,† I yell over the music with my hand pressed to my heart. â€Å"I was, but I took a break to see you.† His breath smells like beer. I scrunch up my nose. â€Å"Are you drunk?† â€Å"I've only had one beer,† he says. â€Å"I'm just excited to see you.† â€Å"And to be playing again,† I state. His smile is huge and it makes me happy for a moment. â€Å"Yeah, that too. I saw you watching me.† I shrug, playing it off. â€Å"I'm glad you're happy. You looked sad earlier at the drive-in.† His hand finds my hip and he grips it tightly, sending heat through my body. â€Å"I'm even happier now that you're here.† I relax against the wall. â€Å"You know I've heard you use that pickup line on girls before, right?† â€Å"Come on, let me have some fun with you,† he begs with a tease in his voice. â€Å"Pretend like you don't know any of my moves.† â€Å"You want me to pretend like I'm someone else?† I question. â€Å"Haven't you been telling me to do the opposite?† The reflection of the light dances in his eyes as he leans forward and wisps of his hair brush my cheek. â€Å"Just be the girl I used to know. The one that had fun and laughed all the time.† â€Å"That girl would have never pretended with you, even if you requested her to.† â€Å"I know that.† His other hand finds my waist and his body slants toward me. Glancing from left to right, I slide my hands up his firm chest and link them around his neck. Then I pull myself onto him and hitch my legs around his waist. His expression is stoic, but he lets out a growl and his lips come down hard on mine. Our chests press together as he thrusts his body into me. Our tongues connect, feeling each other thoroughly. My back is pressed into the thermostat and my skirt barely covers the top of my thighs. My head falls back against the wall as he trails kisses down my neck. My breathing is rapid and so is my pulse. What is he doing to me? The music stops and Naomi's voice rises over the speakers. â€Å"Micha Scott, get your ass back up here and play right now.† Micha pulls away, breathless. â€Å"I have one more song to play and then you and I are going to pick right back up with this.† Before I can answer, he leaves me in the hall. Touching my lips, I watch him weave back to the stage, knowing if he does pick it up, I'm not going to be able to stop it this time. Struggling with the loss of control over my own body, I wander back into the kitchen. Lila's over by the cooler, sipping on a drink and talking to Ethan. Straightening my shoulders, I march up to the counter and pour myself a drink. Lila and Ethan's eyes are on me as I knock it back. The alcohol burns my throat as I slam the cup down on the counter. â€Å"Who's up for a game of quarters?† *** Two hours and three shots later, I'm feeling pretty good. The band has finished playing and Micha has joined our game at the table. â€Å"Sail† by AWOLNATION beats through the stereo, soft lyrics and a sultry rhythm and it takes me back to another time. â€Å"I think I'm going to go dance,† I announce to the table. â€Å"Ah ha, I knew you secretly liked to dance.† Lila slams her hand down on the table and then hiccups. â€Å"Oh, excuse me.† Ethan laughs at her like she's the cutest thing in the world. â€Å"Are you reaching your limit little girl?† Lila narrows her eyes impishly at Ethan. â€Å"I'm not the one who missed the last three shots.† He replies with a comeback, but I don't hear it as I rise from my chair anxious to dance. Micha watches me inquisitively as I make a path through the crowd. Faceless people bead with sweat and the air smells like salt and is lit with desirable heat. The farther I descend into the crowd the hotter it gets. By the time I'm in the center, my skin is damp with sweat and the thin fabric of my strapless shirt is sticking to my back. There's a darkness inside my chest, like the devil hidden inside me is about to make a grand appearance. I raise my hands and sway my hips, letting my hair fall down my shoulders and back. I breathe freely, just like I use to. The more the music plays, the more relaxed I become. My head falls from side to side and my eyelids drift shut. I feel someone move up behind me and they smell of desire mingled with an earthy scent and something mouthwatering. Micha places his hands on my hips, his hands domineering. He nearly melts me as he spreads his fingers around my waist and presses his body against mine, wanting as much of me as he can get. â€Å"I thought you didn't dance anymore,† he whispers in a feral voice, his warm breath touching every part of me. I lean back into him, comfortable, and breathe in his familiar scent. â€Å"I guess I'm a liar.† â€Å"You didn't use to be.† He sweeps my hair to the side and implores our bodies closer as he moves with me. Through the fabric of our clothes, I feel the heat radiating off him like the sun. â€Å"In fact, you used to be the most honest person I knew.† I slant my head back against his chest. â€Å"I know, and I'm working on getting it back.† â€Å"Good, I'm glad.† His hands slide down my hips and don't stop until they reach the hem of my skirt. â€Å"Weren't you and I supposed to finish what we started in the hall?† I start to pull away, but he intensifies his embrace and restrains me against him so we're bonded in every way possible. I feel the hardness of his chest and the heat emitting off every single God damn part of him. It makes me want to moan. â€Å"You're fucking driving me crazy. You know that?† He whispers through a groan as his fingers slip underneath the side of my skirt and up my thighs. â€Å"I want you, pretty girl. Badly.† He's not lying. His desire is pressed up against the back of my waist. I should stop him†¦ He's practically got his hand up my dress and we're surrounded by a ton of people, but I give in to him, subsiding in his arms, and let his fingers inch higher up my skirt. Slowly, he kisses my skin, before parting his lips and nipping my neck, sucking, tasting, driving my body mad. His other hand wanders upward on the outside of my shirt and over the curve of my breast. I practically come undone in his arms. Without warning, I turn around, slipping out of his grip. I secure my arms around his neck. His eyes darken as he welds our bodies back together. My head falls back, allowing him access as I put my weight into his lean arms. He holds me tightly, tracking kisses down the hollow of my neck, licking my collar bone, delving lower and lower as his hand sneaks for the bottom of my skirt again and the palm of his hand caresses the back of my thigh. He groans, cupping the back of my head with his other hand, then suddenly he pulls away. â€Å"How drunk are you?† I glance from left to right like there's an answer hidden in the crowd. â€Å"I don't know.† He sighs and drags his fingers through his hair. â€Å"You're killing me, you know that?† â€Å"I'm sorry.† I pout. He laughs and directs me back over to the table. â€Å"Go meet up with Lila and I'll be there in a bit, okay.† â€Å"Why? Where are you going?† I ask. He rubs his hand across his face and lets out a breathy laugh. â€Å"I have to go take care of some business.† We part ways and I go back to the kitchen like he told me. Lila's eyes are accusing as I sit down at the table. I try not to smile, but I'm too intoxicated to care. â€Å"Look at you,† Lila says. â€Å"All smiley.† I start to say something, but spot Micha talking to Naomi in the middle of the crowd. She laughs at something he says and then the two of them head toward the hall where his bedroom is. I guess that was the business he had to take care of. I get up from the table and without another word I run outside into the rain. Micha Ella is killing me tonight. I've got a hard on so bad, it's probably going to take an hour in an ice-cold shower to calm me down and she's drunk, so I can't take it any further. I head back to my room, to take care of the problem myself, when Naomi meets up with me. She waves her finger at me and then laughs. â€Å"You and I need to talk.† â€Å"I still haven't decided!† I shout over the music. She takes me by the arm and tugs me down the hall, bumping people out of the way until we reach my room. She shuts the door and flips on the light. â€Å"Alright, please explain to me why it's so hard to make the decision about something you've always wanted to do?† â€Å"I'd rather not.† She throws her hands in the air, exasperatedly. â€Å"I don't get you. All you used to talk about in high school was playing in a band on the road.† â€Å"I still do,† I say. â€Å"But I'm not sure if I can leave people behind. Her face relaxes and her hands fall to her side. â€Å"I actually get that. I was worried to leave my dad alone, but I talked to him and explained why and you know what? He understood.† â€Å"Mine's more complicated, Naomi.† I sit down on the bed, wishing she'd leave. â€Å"It's not just my mom I'm worried about.† She sits down on the bed beside me and crosses her legs. â€Å"It's because of Ella.† â€Å"Fuck, am I that obvious,† I say. â€Å"Because I always thought I was subtle.† She snorts a laugh. â€Å"You've never been subtle. And it's not just you. It's both of you. But you know what, you can't center you're life around one girl. You gotta move on and live life the way you want to.† She doesn't get it. â€Å"Yeah, let's not talk about this.† â€Å"Alright.† She holds her hands up. â€Å"Sorry, I'll let you be. I just wanted to give you something to think about.† She pats me on the knee before heading out into the hall. Once the door shuts, I fall back onto my bed. Maybe she's right. Maybe it is time to let go of her. â€Å"Fuck.† I need resolution. My eyes wander toward Ella's house. It is dark, except for one light. The bathroom where her mother died. That light hasn't been on for eight months. Why is it on now?

Iban Marriage

A young man may marry at the age of twenty-two, if he is the only child in the family. If he has brothers or sisters, he is likely to marry when he grows older. A girl usually marries at the age of eighteen. At these ages young men and women generally know how to support themselves. If a young man wants to marry he may tell his parents, so that they may choose the daughter of one of their close relatives for him. If he wishes to marry a particular girl, he may tell them so, so that they may think about it in making a final decision.If they agree to their son’s choice, they will send word regarding their intention to the girl’s parents. If the boy’s request is acceptable to the parents of the girl, then the latter may fix a day for nanya bini, when they can discuss formally the rules they will follow at the wedding of their children. A day or two prior to nanya bini, the young man’s parents will inform their relatives about the coming wedding of their son t o the girl he loves.They also request that three men and three women who are very closely related to them join them in meeting and discussing the coming marriage with the girl’s parents on the nanya bini day. The nanya bini meeting between parents of the future bride and the bridegroom may take place either during the day or at night. If it is held during the day, the young man’s parents and relatives will come early to the girl’s room. On their arrival the men are asked to take a seat on the mats which have been spread for this purpose along the girl’s family’s upper gallery, while the women are invited to take a seat in the family room.At about 10 a. m. , after the visitors have been entertained with drinks, the girl’s father calls all the people of the longhouse and his relatives who have arrived from other villages to gather at his lower gallery in order to hear his discussion with his visitors. After the people have taken their seats th e parents of the bride and the bridegroom inform their friends arid relatives that they have agreed that their son and their daughter should be married if the bridegroom’s parents agree to the payment of adat nikah (marriage price) demanded by the bride’s parents as follows: 1.A bride’s wealth of $100 to $300, depending upon the family background of the bride-to-be, and lower than $100 if she is of low birth. 2. A sigi alas muda, $4. 00, to sigi rusa, $8. 00, of bunga pinang (ceremonial wedding fee), and sigi jabir, $1. 00, to sigi panding, $2. 00 again, if the bride is of low birth. 3. One medium size brass gun (bedil) for batang pinang and one bendai gong for tandan pinang if the bride and the bridegroom are of distinguished families. People of common background would not demand the batang and tandan pinang presents from the bridegroom’s family.If the bridegroom’s parents agree to pay the marriage price, then a genealogist (tukang tusut) will rec ite the bride’s and the bridegroom’s family trees to see whether the marriage is incestuous or not. Incestuous means in this connection that the couple is kin of different generations. If their union is incestuous to this sense then the bridal parents should inform the Penghulu (district chief) that the coming marriage ceremony of their children will be celebrated with besapat ka ai or bekalih di darat depending on the category of the incest as discussed earlier (cf, pp. 29-30).At the end of the discussion of nanya bini, the groom’s parents leave a silver girdle (lampit) with the bride as a deposit to bind their promise. A day is then set for the melah pinang or marriage ceremony which must be held within three months. If it is an incestuous marriage, it must be held as soon as possible after the besapat ka ai or bekalih di darat ceremonies in order to avoid kudi (disaster). A few days after this, the groom’s parents will gather the people of their longho use to inform them that their son’s marriage has been agreed upon in discussion with the future bride’s parents.The groom’s father also tells them of the day agreed upon for the wedding festival. From this time onwards the groom’s family starts to make cakes and accumulates the derian fees. The marriage festival (melah pinang) is held in the bride’s house. About one week before the Melah Pinang festival is held, the groom’s parents again call all the people in their longhouse to meet at their gallery as they are to send the belanja (expenses) to the bride’s parents. At this meeting each family in the longhouse presents whatever money its members have agreed to con-tribute to finance the feast.After the groom’s parents have sent their belanja for the Melah Pinang feast, the girl’s parents will begin to pound rice, brew jars of tuak wine, and buy the necessary bulls, pigs and drinks for the oc ¬casion. Four to five days before the ceremony, the girl’s parents call for a meeting of people on their house gallery. At this meeting, the girl’s father enquires from the heads of each family whether they have finished making preparations for the ceremony. If all preparations have been made, then the bride’s father will inform the people of how many neighboring longhouses he intends to invite to the feast.The people of other families in the longhouse will naturally agree to this and one man is sent to invite the guests upriver while another man is sent downriver. The two men inform the guests to come to the wedding festival early that day so that their reception can be properly perfor ¬med. By this point the agreement to marry is considered binding on both par ¬ties, and compensation must be paid if either wishes to break the agreement. 1. If a young man makes a promise to discuss his marriage with a girl’s parents and fails to do so according to his promise, he is fined sigi jabir, $1. 0, and sigi panding, $2. 00, for the cost of pinang sirih wasted by the parents of the girl. If he refuses to pay the fine, the case is brought to the court of the Penghulu for further hearing. 2. If a bridegroom fails to marry his bride after the melah pinang day has been fixed, through no fault of the later, the former is fined sigi panding, $2. 00, and sigi alas, $4. 00, respectively, the later for the cost of wasted pinang sirih. If the bridegroom refuses to pay the fine, the case is brought to the Penghulu’s court for further judgment.

Child labour and devolopment Essays

Child labour and devolopment Essays Child labour and devolopment Essay Child labour and devolopment Essay Now a yearss child labor is really popular term. What is the significance of kid labor? We can specify the kid labor in this manner child labor is work by kids, the nature and strength of which takes a batch of clip off from analyzing and causes harm to their wellness and development ( K. B. Levchenko, O.A. Kalashink, Ukraine, 2007 ) . But, can we state each and every individual cognizant from this word. If, I tell to student what they know about child labor, or what they have heard from other individual or they have learnt from telecasting, wireless, and magazine. We sure that group of different people understands the difference between acceptable signifier of work for kids and child labor and besides major ground behind the kid labor ( International Labour Organization, 2009 ) . Group of people knows the kid labor but why they are disregarding it. Working Topographic point Child labour we can see in tea stall, in grossery store, in hotel, in flat for rinsing auto or in private house. We can non state any work topographic point has left where child labor is non working. An estimated information 120 million kids between the age of five and 14 are employed in the universe s topographic points runing from mills to farm, mines, and about every types of unskilled work ( W. Mark, N. Robert and R. Natalia, 1998 ) . On the same manner, if we talk about African state so we find that child labor is more widespread in Ethiopia and Ghana. The net registration rate in Ethiopia is the lowest in the universe. Girls suffer comparatively more disadvantage in both the states. In both states, bulk of the kids are engaged in family activities. In Ghana, farm labor dominant while in Ethiopia, bringing fuel wood, H2O and crowding labour predominant ( Sonia Bhalotra, 2003 ) . From this statement it is clear that people does non cognize, what child labor is? They do non cognize about exact age of the kid labor and they exploit the kids. They do non cognize any international convention. International convention gives the guideline about the minimal age of the kids for making work. This international convention explain the minimal age set out clear guideline to authorities of each states to specify the minimal age at which kids should be allowed to work. International labour organisation has introduced two different major conventions for specifying the minimal age of the kids. These conventions are- ILO Convention No. 138 on minimal age and 2nd one is ILO Convention No. 182 on the worst signifier of child labor ( International Labour Organisation study ) . REASON FOR CHILD LABOUR Child labor is serious job in all over the universe. Almost all the states are suffered with this incidence. Africa has the highest incidence of child labor in the universe. The chief ground is due to economic diminution, war, HIV/AIDS behind the kid labor in Africa. Children do non travel to school and whole twenty-four hours they do work in different topographic points. Majority of kids in Africa are engaged in house based farm and endeavors. But top administration degree is non accepted it ( Sonia Bhalotra, 2003 ) . Another chief ground is described really good that there is no any strong relation has been developed between grownup and kids. So as to adult can learn them for spell to school. Because young person are the most responsible group in society so they can assist to the kids for divergence. Family members claim kids do non travel to school so, in this instance members prefer kids make some work and gain money. So here it is proved that there is no good relation between grownup and kids ( Sonia Bhalotra, 2003 ) . From above discussed all the statements non depict, why do the kids work? There are many grounds behind for child labor. Poverty is the most commonly restraints which leads to do child labor. The kids may work because they think net returns from instruction are low or negligible and the returns to work experience are high. The strength of market and establishment moderate the kid labor. In markets, tonss of plants are available so these reinforce the kids to make work. Market gives inducement to kids so they attract the kids. Generally it s happens that in markets prefer child alternatively of grownup. Because, for little work grownup demand more rewards, but in instance of kid, kid neer demand more money and hence stay in market. On that status market gives some inducement. So this type of market status demand more figure of child labors. Market prefermore figure of child labor because, one historical analyses comes out that kid labors are easy to command and they work with full con centration. Change in engineering besides leads to do addition in demand of child labor. As a assistant market prefer more child labor. Because engineering has reduced the work burden so they do non like grownups labour for more work in this status they demand child labour as a assistant ( Sonia Bhalotra, 2003 ) . Consequence ON CHILD LABOUR Child labor is largely in developing states in Asia, Africa and Latin America. It is broad distributing. This broad spreading incident causes inauspicious consequence on kid. It affects the wellness and their developmental. Due to difficult work they suffer with scrawny growing. Their work is frequently risky and has great hazard with assorted occupational diseases. In some state kids work in pesticide mills and other chemical based mills in this conditions child mortality rate has been increasing ( W. Mark, N. Robert and R. Natalia, 1998 ) . Registration in school and dropout instances increase after child labor. Most informations set describe an reverse correlativity between child labor and instruction. Child maltreatment besides arises from child labor. Because kids go for work in different topographic points in instance of acquiring more end product store or mills proprietor abuse them. Child maltreatment is common in fabric companies, little store, in this state of affairs they are exploited by the mills proprietors. Factories proprietors exploit in sense of more on the job hours and twenty-four hours by paying same rewards ( W. Mark, N. Robert and R. Natalia, 1998 ) . CHILD LABOUR AND PEOPLE VIEW Group of people say child labour non affects the kids instruction instead makes to kids self sustain. Harmonizing to human perceptual experience age of kids is for larning. If kids learn in childhood so it will be better for future. A kid earns money so it is non bad because he can gain money for paying school fee and for pocket sweeps. Many households have no get good support with economic status. In this state of affairs they send to kids for earn. Family members give support for making work because kids are the productive beginning and they can increase the wealth of the house. Most data sets describe an reverse correlativity between instruction and child labor. If we see at micro level so it is unsurprising as these are viing usage of clip for gaining. Children from Ethiopia, kid work in rural Ethiopia may let kids to pay for school fee, and bring forthing a positive relationship with household and others ( Rose and Al-Samarrai, 1997 ) . At a clip kids can make both reading and w ork so it is more economical efficient. In the clip changeless job, engagement in school and work are jointly give more results. In this instance, household and child both acquire benefit. In this state of affairs add excess cost benefit in state s economic system. CHILD LABOUR AND HUMAN RIGHT In some instances people think child labor is non a human right misdemeanor. I think it is illegal and promotes many societal related issues. More market demand of child labour leads to do kid trafficking. In Pakistan, kid trafficking is really serious job, where most of the trafficked Bengali kids are sold. There are about 200,000 adult females and kids in the slave trade. Lawyers for Human Rights and Legal Aid ( LHRLA ) of Pakistan have reported that more than 19,000 kids from the different parts chiefly from Middle East have been trafficked and all kids holding age in between 2 old ages to 11 old ages. Trafficked have been occurred through camel jockeys to the Middle East, a trade that can give cost for their lives. Human are traveling against the human right misdemeanor non merely through the kid trafficking instead they have been making child harlotry. Harmonizing to LHRLA study about 40,000 kids are in harlotry in Pakistan ( ILO-IPEC, IPEC In Action, Pakistan, 1998 ) . Unwanted group of people they call to kids with the aid of other clients. These clients come in contact with those people who are hapless, and holding no resources for income coevals. These clients give good occupation offer to their kids but, they are liar. And therefore these parents became agree to direct ain kids for work. They do non cognize what will be happened. After that these client sell them to other for few money. They do non cognize what humanistic disciplines are? They pick kid from needed household or hapless household, sometime they forcefully pick kids from the family. They forcefully send the kids in to madrassas for preparation as a activist ( ILO-IPEC, IPEC In Action, Pakistan, 1998 ) . They are work against human right. Children are come on Earth for making better development non for development. Many Torahs have been made by different bureau and organisation against child labor. Main maps of the Torahs are to protect kid lives and supply better platform for development. Children s Right International Mission is to advance the meaningful execution of the United Nations Conventions on the Right of the Child ( the Convention ) by conveying together Judgess, attorneies, instructors, professionals, and other protagonism to advance, protect and move on the involvement of kids. The mission of CRI is to supervise and promote the success application of the rule of the Convention and besides to develop and help the individual in kids s right protagonism ( Bill Jackson, Australia, 2008 ) . In favour of kids s right the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) has been introduced Torahs in signifiers of Child Labour Convention No. 182 ( C182 ) and ( R190 ) , address the right issues whether new attacks to protecting the kids s right and fulfilment of their demand ( Bill Jackson, Austr alia, 2008 ) . Child trafficking is a end point of child labors so authorities which have non yet use scheme so for commanding trafficking should use UN protocol to prevents and should make full spread between authorities policy and pattern ( Mike Dottridge, 2004 ) . CHILD LABOUR AND DEVELOPMENT To do universe free from child labor so foremost we have to alter our head set up. We know all the things but wittingly we have done. We will hold to alter our perceptual experience. Children are guiltless and do non cognize about huge universe. We should give regard to kids s right and labour rights. Labour rights to happen in supply concatenation. Many big companies of the universe like Reebok International Ltd. , Levi Strauss, IKEA say no child labor . ( A. Balaguer, UNICEF ) . These companies do non work with concern spouses that use child labor. These companies are profit doing but they no societal norms and duties. On the other manus other companies do non give regard to kids s right and labor rights and they start development of the labor particularly child labor. these companies ever arrange run intoing on homo right criterions and ever making scrutinizing and monitoring to forestall child labor.

Capital Gains Method and Policies for Business Organizations

The taxation law of Australia is one of the world’s outstanding revenue collection system introduced by the government of the country, which is based on the citizenship of an individual of the nation, capital gains method and policies for business organizations. This study will present the brief idea about the residential status based on Australian Law.   In the given case, Fred seeks an advice about his residential status based on Australian Law. After analyzing the case, it was found that Fred visited Australia with an intention to set up his own business in the country. He did not mention the duration of his stay before the arrival. According to Australian Law, it is mandatory for an individual to obtain a valid visa for his stay in the country for an unknown period. According to Saad (2014), this type of visa can be termed as Permanent Residence Visa also. In the given case, it was found that Fred has visited the country without his family; moreover, he has obtained a valid visa also. It is not possible to decide whether the obtained visa is Permanent Residence Visa or not. To decide on the matter it is necessary to highlight the requirements of the residential status of Australia. The requirements are as follows: Physically present in the country: According to Australian Law, a person must stay in the country at least for a period of twelve months than only the person is eligible to acquire a permanent residency of the country. In the given case, Fred left the country within a period of eleven months due to his illness. In the words of Schenk, Thuronyi and Cui (2015) if the person fails to satisfy the requirements of the act than the person is not liable to pay tax in the country. So based on the assumption it can be conclude that Fred has not met the basic criteria of the act hence he is a non-resident and could not be chargeable for taxation purpose. Policy of Dual Citizenship: Dual citizenship means a person can acquire the citizenship of more than one country at a time based on the rules and regulation of the nations. In the given case, Fred resides in UK and has the citizenship of the country. To carry on any business in Australia it is necessary for an individual to obtain the citizenship of Australia. Fred has certain investment in France and he receives certain amount of interest from that investment. According to Arthur (2016), the person who earns an income from more than one country, the amount which he earned is taxable under both the countries i.e. the country in which he resides and the country in which the income actually occurred. Based on this assumption Fred is liable to pay tax to the government of France and UK. Australian government will not get any tax on that income from Fred. In addition to it Fred has not decided his staying period in Australia before his arrival, moreover, he left the country within a per iod of eleven months. Therefore, he cannot be termed as a citizen of Australia (Australian Citizenship HQ 2016). Hence, he is not liable to pay tax in Australia. Ordinary income includes income from all sources except income from capital gains. Income from wages, salaries, bonuses, and so on together forms part of an ordinary income.   Short-term capital gain or sale from an asset which is held for a period of less than twelve months are included in ordinary income. It is of two types’ business income and personal income. The court has an option to deal with the benefits related to deals and appraisal, which were charged on an individual. In the given case Californian Copper Syndicate (Anon, 2016), the income earned by an individual is to be charged as assessable income instead of income, which can be imposed on a person. In other words, the income which is obtained from carrying on any business instead of any acknowledgment or from any deals of securities than the income might be assessed to charge.   Therefore, to discover the income it is important to consider whether the addition to investment is only for improving the quality of business or is it for an operation to achieve the future profit of business. So the motive of an individual should be considered before taking any decision or making any deals. The company was associated with the coal mining business. The company was framed with a motive to secure resources of coal in the New South Wales region of the country. After sometime, the company stops this business and sold all the land. The company made a huge profit on this sale (Anon, 2016). The court held that income earned in this manner is not assessable as Income from Business because the nature of the business was coal mining. The company was not associated with the business of sale or purchase of land. Hence, not chargeable as an assessable income. An individual bought an area for its shareholder to give them the accessability of beachfront. The court in this case verdicts that the income which was earned by the taxpayer would be assessable to Business Income because the materialness of expense which incurred by selling a land was to make profit only. Therefore, it is chargeable under the Business Income of an assessee. According to sec. 25(1) and 26(a) of the Income Tax Act, 1936 assessable income includes: Income made from the deal of the asset. Profit made from undertaking of an asset. In the given case, the taxpayer has directed the matter as an area of improvement instead of accompanying it for the said wages. Therefore, it is not liable for tax. The person acquired some area for cultivating and driving a rustic life. After the demise of the citizen, the trustees sub-divided the area. The area was sold with the help of land specialists. The court directed that the owners of the property were not associated with the profit making business. According to sec.25 (1), the deal does not form part of salary. The taxpayer sold a land, which he acquired from his father in the year 1955. The property was sold due to the illness of the taxpayer. It was directed by the court that the deal was not assessable for tax because it was found that the taxpayer has no intention of profit making, moreover, there was no plan to make benefit from the sale. The case is similar to the case of Statham Case. The deal should be termed as an acknowledgement instead of business exchange. The court held that the taxpayer had an inactive role while making any benefits from the said exchange. The transaction reflects the plan of a taxpayer just to understand the area only (Law.ato.gov.au, 2016) The Company bought an area, which is beachfront facing with the motive to offer sand mined from the said area. The court directed that the company has obtained and acknowledge business benefits from the area, whereas, the Memorandum of the Company expressed that the object of the Company was to buy land packages so that they can offer working from the sand business. It was held by the court that a specific area, which has been obtained for more than one intention, and then the resultant increases marked down of such land would be assessable to impose under Section 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act, 1936. As the aim of the said activity was to make benefit and the said game plan was a benefit making plan. The taxpayer acquired some pieces of land of an area with the intention of cultivating, brushing and developing products over it. The citizen sub-divided the land and sold the same over a time to meet the financial obligations that a person acquired while purchasing the said area. It was held by the court that the transaction carried on by the taxpayer related to the   advancement of area increases acknowledged at a bargain on the above-mentioned grounds were assessable to impose. It was held that the aim to convey own business or make benefit would not have been available; the Taxpayer would be taxed because it would be ventured to make planned benefit from it. According to Section 26(a), definitive subjective motivation behind the citizen ought to be considered furthermore genuine arranging which is done throughout the said exchanges. In spite of the fact that the reason for securing a benefit was not the taxpayer's basic role, it will be regarded as a plan to add up to a benefit making an undertaking or venture. The taxpayer acquired a land and constructed townhouses on it and later on sold the townhouses for a benefit. It was decided that the asset was obtained with the goal of making a profit on the same. The income earned by the person will be treated as an expense under Section 25(1) of the Income charge Assessment Act, 1936. Furthermore, it was held that there was no business venture or undertaking required in the said course of action. However, the Honorable Judge decided that it doesn't make a difference if the endeavor or business wander does not exist, the negligible goal of the evaluation of business is to benefit from the offer of an area would suffice the use of tax collection on the said game plan. Therefore, it was held that if a property is obtained by a person with a motive to make a benefit in the most beneficial way that may introduce itself and the citizen embraces one of the numerous alternatives, consequently making a benefit, he will appropriately be said to do a busine ss/profità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ making plan. From the above discussion, of residential status of an individual it has been found that Fred has failed the citizenship test of Australia. Therefore, he is to be treated as a non-resident for the country. Hence, he is not liable for the tax in Australia according to the taxation law of the country. Furthermore, after analyzing various cases based on the assessability of ordinary income it was found that all the cases involve the sale of land but the nature of business was different in each case. Therefore, the court gave different verdicts based on the nature of the transaction. Hence, after a brief summary of the relevant cases a person will understand the concept more elaborately. Allan, T., 1950. Truth that Sings. By William C. MacDonald. James Clarke & Co. Ltd. 6s.  Scottish Journal of Theology,  3(04), pp.439-442. Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: https://"THERMAL SYNDICATE, LTD." (1949) 21 Analytical Chemistry [Accessed 7 Sep. 2016]. Arthur, G., 2016. Tax files: Taxation duties of executors.  Bulletin (Law Society of South Australia),  38(2), pp.28-29. Australian Citizenship HQ. (2016).  Australian Citizenship Eligibility - Australian Citizenship HQ. Available from: https://www.australiancitizenshiphq.com.au/australian-citizenship/citizenship-eligibility/ [Accessed on 1 Sep. 2016]. Brown, R.H., 2000.  Redeeming the Republic: Federalists, Taxation, and the Origins of the Constitution. JHU Press. Hettich, W. and Winer, S.L., 2005. Regulation and Taxation: Analyzing Policy Interdependence.  Available at SSRN 525802. Hettich, W. and Winer, S.L., 2005. Regulation and Taxation: Analyzing Policy Interdependence.  Available at SSRN 525802. Hunt, J., 2015. South East Queensland (SEQ) Sport Development meetings. John Caughlan, Statham (Gale Ecco, U S Supreme C, 2011). Law.ato.gov.au. (2016).  Home - ATO Legal Database. [online] Available at: https://Law.ato.gov.au [Accessed 7 Sep. 2016]. Martin, F., 1991. Audit Power of the Commissioner of Taxation: Sections 263 and 264 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936, The.  Queensland U. Tech. LJ,  7, p.67. Obst, W. and Hanegbi, R., 2016. Small-Scale Property Development: GST Implications.  Adelaide Law Review, Forthcoming. Pulfrich, A. and Branch, G.M., 2014. Using diamond-mined sediment discharges to test the paradigms of sandy-beach ecology.  Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,  150, pp.165-178. Saad, N., 2014. Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers’ view.  Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,  109, pp.1069-1075. Schenk, A., Thuronyi, V. and Cui, W., 2015.  Value Added Tax. Cambridge University Press.

International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

International Management - Essay Example There is no care about privacy in US, people must be informed and given chance to object when their information is sent outside for direct marketing, data cannot be sent outside in Italy, and all direct mails should contain the name and address of the data owner in Spain are some of the best examples for how culture affects internet. Internet affects the culture or social systems more than how culture or social systems affect internet use. It is because; internet has caused drastic changes in society. Online communication such as chatting, emailing and webinars, and other modes of interactions such social media, online sales, advertising and e-marketing have tremendously changes culture and social systems. Traditionally, people went to work. But now, with the advent of internet, work comes to home as millions of people worldwide work from home for making money is a good example for how internet affects culture. As markets become increasingly globalized, it is very important to identify and evaluate operational conflicts between nations, religions, values and cultures. In international business contexts or other relations, there can be some operational conflicts due to differences in perceptions of time, change, individualism and material factors. Americans find time as limited and therefore they keep deadline strictly. They feel frustrated when others in a company fail to meet deadlines. For them time is to be saved and they keep specific schedules for saving time. Perspectives of time are largely affected by the religious and cultural views or values. For instance, Deresky (2011, p.104) stated that Arabs regard ‘deadline’ as a kind of insult in them while it is imposed by others to them whereas Americans take an approach of ‘firm commitment’ to meeting deadlines. Individualism is about ‘I’ consciousness. Americans give greater significance to viewing private lives