If You Love the Book, Do You Really Care What Got Lost In Translation

If You Love the Book, Do You Really Care What Got Lost In Translation Rebecca Jeff have been discussing translations on the last two episodes of the Book Riot podcast.  Specifically, theyve been talking about recent news regarding  Deborah Smith’s translation of Han Kang’s The Vegetarian, a novel which won the Man Booker International Prize in 2016. According to one report, 10.9 percent of the first part of the novel was mis-translated and 5.7 of the original text cut from the English version entirely.  More offensive, apparently, is the fact that Smith changed the prose employing a style more elaborate than the authors. For the past several years, translations have been a large part of my reading life. And when presented with an awkward sentence or a strange choice of adjective I’ve wondered whether the translator might have made a mistake. I’ve also been delighted to “discover” a new favorite writer only to change my mind after reading a second book, done with a different translator. But, ultimately, whether the book I’m reading is the exact book the author wrote is and has always been a complete non-issue for me. I don’t care. Not even a little. Because there’s really no point in caring. I (and I imagine most of you ) will never read a book written in Korean, Chinese, Arabic, French, Persian, German, Spanish, or any of the thousands of  languages spoken around the world unless it’s been through the hands of a translator. In case I’m not making myself clear I can only read English. So I do not have the luxury of quibbling. The only version I will ever have access to of, say, Sergio Pitol’s The Magician of Vienna, is the one currently on the table next to me which has been ably translated by George Henson. There will be no line-by-line comparisons. No concern over whether  a tone other than the authors has been projected by George onto the original prose. There are more important things in life than whether he substituted a lemon for a lime (o the humanity) on page 35. All I need  are the words as they appear on the page.  And if they move me, excite me, make me  laugh or cry, what does it matter that they are the pr oduct of a collaboration rather than a single voice? I’ve absolutely no idea how I feel about El Mago de Viena, published back in 2005. But I love the English translation so much Im on my second reading. And why shouldnt I? It, too, is a book that exists in the world. I have not read The Vegetarian, but the question it raises is an old one. What is getting lost in translations? Are readers experiencing the same book as their counterparts in China, France and  Spain? Does the translation meet some arbitrary “purity” test, or has the translator through the very act of translating somehow contaminated the original text? This is the reason some publishers do not put the translator’s name on the cover of the book and the reason some readers say they aren’t comfortable reading translations.   For the record: it’s almost technically impossible to do a true word-for-word translation from one language into another at least one that anyone would want to read. (Check out Deborah Smith’s Asymptote essay on translating just the title of Han Kang’s Human Acts for a fascinating look at the difficulties involved). There are also cultural differences to be considered. But what does that really mean for the reader? I’ve attended panels of authors and their translators where the author told the crowd how awful they felt when the translator was criticized for supposed poor word choices when it was actually the author’s own choices being criticized. I’ve also listened while a translator explained how they’d been conflicted about a section of a work that they felt was racist and their subsequent relief when the editor made the decision to cut that section out of the translated book entirely. I once even read on a forum that a certain writer’s novels weren’t very  good in their original language. Their English translations  were a huge improvement. This is not a situation exclusive to literature. Foreign films and television shows are re-made. Songs are covered. We accept these reinterpretations without a second thought.  Why then do we treat books differently? Of course we must expect a level of competency and artistry from translators, but  its silly to expect that some  words and phrases wont get sacrificed when moving from one language to another. Translation is a gift to readers one that allows us to experience a world of stories and perspectives which would otherwise be closed to us. And if the finished product (however flawed) is a good book, who are we to look a  gift horse in the mouth? An  old saying which, funnily enough, comes to us via  a flawed Latin translation.

The EU Enlargement Process Analysis - Free Essay Example

The aim of the group is to gain a first class mark. We want this report to represent our ability to work efficiently together in a group. We endeavoured to produce an end product, which is concise and thorough, highlighting the enlargement aspects of the EU. Our objective is therefore to fully research all areas of the EU enlargement, as our question is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Enlargement rationale; How much bigger should the EU expand and why?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Upon completion of this report the goal is to have gained a broader knowledge on the European Union (EU) as a whole and have a good understanding of current major issues. Methodology The EU enlargement process is very rigorous. In the past the European Union has undergone many rounds of enlargement (see fig 1). But to what conditions and guidelines must candidate nations comply by? The main guideline is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Copenhagen Criteriaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which was signed on 21st/22nd June, 1993. This states that by the time candidates join, they must according to the Folketing EU Information centre: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“[Have] achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities, the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the unionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Folketing, conclusions of the presidency). These criterion were laid down by the heads of state and government of the member states at the European council meeting in Copenhagen in 1993 (ibid). In outline the Copenhagen Criteria can be divided into three conditions, which form the minimum entry requirements, before a country is considered for EU membership. These are: The political criterion i.e. democracy, rule of law, human rights and respect and protection for minorities. The economic criterion i.e. a functioning market economy and must be capable of withstanding the pressure of competition and market forces in the European Union. The criterion presupposing the ability to incorporate one entire body of laws and regulations of the EU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aquis communautairÃÆ' ©Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Source à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Folketing EU Information centre) The country must be able to assume all the obligations flowing from membership, including the aim of political, economic and monetary union (ibid). After all of these requirements, the country is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"screenedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and if approved, the Council of the European Union and its country draft a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Treaty of Accessionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This then goes to the European Commission and European Parliament ratifications and approval. If successful after this process, the nation is able to become a member of the EU (About.com). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Screeningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is the first step in the negotiations stage, when considering a country for membership (EU Commission). Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s an in depth analysis of the EU laws with which the candidate country must abide by (known as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aquisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢). A screening report is then drawn up for each country (ibid). Negotiations take place at ministerial level between permanent representatives for EU countries, and ambassadors or chief negotiators for candidate countries. But why do countries want to join the EU in the first place? This question is asked by Clive Lindley of the Central Europe express (Charles Jenkins, 2000). This author quotes an American journalist as writing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What does Europe want to be when it grows up?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Julie Smith, Head of the European programme at the Royal institute for international affairs, also begins to explore the boundaries at which the expansion of the will be no longer feasible. She states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“How [will] the EU be able to function with thirty or more member statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Charles Jenkins, 2000). According to her, it is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“problem that clearly exercised many of Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s leading politicians in 2000. 3.0 When the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"European Coal and Steel Communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was created in 1957 it was with an aspiration to form a trading block of peace and economic prosperity. For more than half a century, the current European Union has exerted its soft power, attracting almost every country in Europe and completed six successful enlargement rounds (fig 1). (fig 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" source:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) After the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Central Eastern European Countries (CEECà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s) started to show interest in applying for EU membership (EU27 on enlargement). As a result of this, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Copenhagen Criteriaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was set out in December 1993 declaring the requirements that any potential country wishing to join the EU, would need to meet. This was the first time the EU had made a clear commitment to enlargement, and provided Europe with evidence of their engagement in becoming a bigger and more influential trading block (Lippert et all 2001). Since then, as shown in the timeline, the EU has expanded substantially, and includes today a total of 27 member states. This leaves only 14 European countries (excluding Russia) as non members, four of which are candidate countries, five potential candidates, two who have been declined membership, two with an ENP Action Plan and one with not many EU relations. The size of any further EU enlargement is therefore confined by the borders of Europe and the enlargement rationale, is determined by the economic opportunities and the promotion of security in these 12 remaining countries (Nugent 2004). 4.0 In this part of the report we are going to discuss the economic side of the EU enlargement. Firstly we will be taking a more statistical approach in evaluating the economy. We will then take some candidate countries, and discuss what will happen if they join the EU. Since 1994, when the 10+2 candidate countries was selected they have had significant progress in their economy, they have gained an average growth of 1.3/2.1% GDP per year in between 1994-2004 (European Commission, 2001) but more importantly their GDP would have reduce by 0.1% if they was not chosen as candidate countries( Maliszewska 2003). This showed that the economy was developing quickly, many factors contributed to this including Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), imports and exports. Intra trading plays an important part in EU enlargement allowing companies to take advantage of comparative advantages in new Member States and candidate countries. Intra trading has increase from only accounting for a third of EUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trading in 1960, EU-6, to over 70% of EUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trade in 2007, EU-25. Intra trading encourages competition, and enhances productivity and efficiency within the EU. With additional new Member States the EU is now the largest trading bloc importing and exporting 16.7% and 18.8% respectively, where as the US is only exporting 11.1% and importing 17.4% (IMF, EUROSTAT 2009). This gives the EU more power when discussing trade policies at the WTO and more influence on the global economy. FDI plays an important part of EU enlargement and the new Member States GDP growth because an increase of FDI would increase the level of investment, employment and productivity. Breuss (2009) estimated that FDI inflows gave the new States and Member extra growth of 1.75 % GDP on average from period 2000-2008, moreover Bulgaria and Romania could gain an additional 0.5% GDP up to 2020. But other research has shown even though the candidate countries can attract high level of FDI they might not necessarily be able to maintain it, for example in years 2001 and 2002 Cyprusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s FDI inflow rate actually fell by over half and in Malta FDI was actually reversed. Using Bosnia and Herzegovina as an example if they were to become a member of the EU, the old Member States might have more confident to invest in them, thus rising their FDI rate and unemployment rate, which are the two main underlying issues relating to the economy factors although some issues has to be resolved first like distorted wages setting and low labour mobility which are both halting job creations and the labour market. Also in Albania unemployment rate is high due to the lack of health and safety regulations which could drive foreign investors away, even though they have currently approved for a strategy for health and safety it will be awhile before it will fully take effect. From these 2 examples it shows that even though candidate countries have the economy benefits of an EU member such as free trade, but with different underlying issues in each country preventing them from further economic growth it will be a long time before any candidate countries are near the level of expansion. Therefore in conclusion from the economic overview and evidence I think that it is too early for talks about enlarging the EU further and with the 2008 global recession still in effect I think that even if the EU was to expand it would not be in short future and they will have to be extremely careful with the next enlargement. 5.0 This part of the report is going to be discussing the possible benefits, conflicts and problems that enlargement may cause to the citizens of the EU, the existing member states of the EU and the EU at a global level. In the past, the citizens of the EU didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have as much freedom or possibilities to travel freely as they do now. But since the events of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the fall of the iron curtainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or in any of the EU enlargement rounds, more citizens have agreed that the living standards in the Central and Eastern Europe has improved and that the changes from these events have brought more freedom to everybody within Europe (View on European Enlargement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Analytical Report). However some citizens have voted that they feel more insecure after enlargement and believes that it has contributed to redundancies and job loss in their country (View on European Enlargement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Analytical Report). For instance, in Britain, over the past 2 years 139, 000 immigrants have found jobs where as the number of British workers have dropped by 654, 000 (The Daily Mail) also critics say that the pressure from high levels of immigration on housing, public tra nsport, water and energy is highly damaging (The Daily Mail). So it seems that enlarging would mainly benefit the citizens of the CEECà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s more than the original EU15à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s citizens as they are able to freely move within the EU and are able to find work elsewhere. Enlarging the EU may abolish arguments and disputes between conflicting countries, and could mean that they will have stronger relationships in the future i.e. Charles de Gaulle, who was French President at the time opposed the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s application in both 1961 and 1967 because he believed that the UK was going to attempt to thwart his desire to place France at the centre of the European stage (European Union Enlargement). When France changed their President in 1969 to Georges Pompidou, the UK was finally accepted into the EU for full membership (BOOK). Now in 2010 with France electing a new President, he and the Prime Minister of the UK have joined forces and have both signed a Defence Co-Operation Treaty (MoD), this shows positive progress of enlargement and that it could build a stronger EU. At the core of the EU is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“single marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, the aim of it is to allow all member states to be able to trade fairly and communicate with each other with ease (Business Link), and if trades are successful it will build trust and reliability between countries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" which would build stronger relationships within the EU. Enlarging would mean more members to trade with, more communication across the globe and in past events and has effectively shown an increase in the EUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s weight in world politics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" also making it a stronger world power (PDF). Sometimes in the EU, there will be problems that canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be resolved, this may make some members want to leave the EU and propose a referendum. For example, each member state is allocated a certain number of seats within the European Parliament (EP), which effectively means how much influence they have within the EU. In 2004 Denmark had 16 seats before the EU became the EU25, after they enlarged Denmarkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s seat allocation had decreased to only 14 (book), enlarging again could mean that they would lose even more seats in the EP and more influence within the EU altogether, they may not be very happy about this and could propose a referendum as they may feel that they are being treated unfairly. In conclusion, even if one country decides to leave due to enlargement, the EU wouldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t suffer that much as they would have new members coming in and would still have the other existing member states to run the EU. So this report supports the act of enlargement as it will give the EU citizens more freedom and possibilities to travel, may produce stronger relationships between countries and would make the EU a stronger world power. 6.0 This section looks at the security of the EU by analysing the major security threat to the EU today, terrorism. It aggregates the findings of past reports to make sure the safety of the EU citizens is not over looked when deciding whether the EU should expand. It will look at the following in this order- European defence and security policy (EDSP),-Organised crime (OC) and its links to terrorism,-Candidate countries progress. Due to the nature of the topics the information used is mostly of official report base as independent reports have lacked technology and resources to reference and back up their findings especially within the rarely traceable OC and terrorism domains. European defence and security policy pushes for increases in EU military cooperation and joint missions. There have been joint missions to Afghanistan to the terrorism war zones and 3200 EU personnel are currently deployed on joint missions (C.Ashton EDA bulliten 2009). Increasing cooperation at external borders are also main policies, whilst increasing links with EU police forces is also part of policies to help combat terrorism. (EU presidency report 2009) (EDA head report to council 2010) OC and links to terrorism is a major issue. Organised crime is large inside the EU and also externally, trying to enter the EU. Drug trafficking, the exploitation of human beings and illegal migration, fraud, Euro counterfeiting, commodity counterfeiting and money laundering, are all the major OC areas. (Europol OCTA report 2009). A country which the EU allows in must be able to tackle these problems because undoubtedly the Schengen Area, the abolition of the filter border control to the movement of goods, services, capital and people, facilitates criminals, because once in the territory of one member state, they can move freely to the destination of the criminal markets. (A.SACCONE 2006). (Europol OCTA2009) points out the links between OC and Terrorism. It explains that terrorism uses it for funding. A recent (SkyNews) documentary shows Middle Eastern terrorist explaining that they create funds through OC. Any expansion of the EU to a country which canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t handle a po ssible increase in organised crime could increase funding of terrorism, which at the moment the EU is part of fighting a war against. There needs to be emphasis on improving links between military and police forces to tackle this problem. (A.SACCONE 2006) (Europol OCTA2009) Candidate Countries progress reports analyse their current situation. In the following reports it is chapter 24 of the EU rationale which analyses Security. Croatia has set up very good training and systems to regulate borders and has started cooperating with Bosnia and Herzegovina. But Croatia lacks officer numbers to tackle OC. (Croatia progress report 2009-10). (The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoniaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s progress report 2009-10) finds that, police and military officerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s skill and ability levels are high and they are capable to tackle organised crime and terrorism. They can also handle borders very well, although bad internal cooperation between institutions, decreases success dramatically. In Turkey there havenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t been improvements in border control, tackling organised crime or investigating and tackling terrorism. There are no steps expected in the future to change this at the moment. (Turkey progress report 2009-10) Croatia and The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, have good links with Europol and EU militaries whilst Turkey has failed to do this because of its lack of data protection laws. (Candidate progress reports 2009-10) In Conclusion of this section EDSP aims to increase EU military cooperation, and links between military and police. EDSP is trying to create a more secured coordinated EU and it is presenting very possible positive steps. With increased joint military missions there may be potential increases in terrorist threats to EU members and also future EU members. OC needs to be a number one target so we can fight terror at its root. Current candidates to join the EU must be prepared to tackle OC and an increase in OC before we accept them. An increase in depth to chapter 24 before we allow them to join is needed. Turkey poses major risk without data protection laws because of the demand on links between police and military. External borders need to be regulated more to stop threats getting i whilst internal borders need better regulation to stop facilitation of OC which links to terrorism. This highlights a need for a review of the Schengen area. From a security analyses I would not expand th e EU, because the major threats have new dimensions and candidates to join are not prepared for them. 7.0 Since the negations for Turkeyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accession into the EU began in 2005, rather than seeing a speeding up of the process there has been a slowing down. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To date only 13 of 33 chapters of negotiations for Turkeyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accession have been opened, and only one, on science and research, completed. Nineteen have been frozen, over the issue of Cyprus, or due to other objections by EU members.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Head, 2010) Since Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan was elected in 2003, he identified Turkeys EU entry as a top priority, pledging reforms to make Turkey more democratic and pluralist and bring it in line with the Unions membership criteria (www.setimes.com) However, the biggest challenge now; from those working on Turkeys EU bid is having no certainty of membership in the end. This has all but killed public enthusiasm for Turkey to join the EU. (Euro-Dialogue, 2009.) Figure . Turkish Prime minister: Recep Tayyip Erdogan Further supporting this statement was the response of Hulya Kars Lamb a 2nd year Criminology and Forensic Science student at Manchester Metropolitan University and native Turk. When asked how she felt about Turkey joining the EU, she commented; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The public who are already poor will become poorer and the rich become richer. The public does not want to join the EU because everything will become more expensive, foreign people will come to Turkey, buy properties easily and this will increase house prices and lead to even more homeless people. Turkish people will move to different countries as they may feel, they will have a better life and security for themselves; this would be considered by poor and rich. Are EU members ready to open their doors for Turkish immigrants?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? So we can then ask will Turkey ever join the EU? 7.1 Turkey has many obstacles that they need to overcome before they can gain accession to the EU. The 2010/11 European Commission (EC) strategy report examines Turkeyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s application amongst other potential and candidate countries. Two of the main stumbling blocks it identifies are the unresolved issues between Turkey and Cyprus (Ugar, 1995) and secondly, the view of Member countries such as France and Germany towards Turkey joining the EU. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Turkey still has not complied with its obligations as outlined in the declaration of the European Community and its member states of 21 states of 21 September 2005 and the December 2009 conclusions it does not meet the obligation of full non-discriminatory implementation of the Additional Protocol to the Association Agreement and has not removed all obstacles to the free movement of goods, including restrictions on direct transport links with Cyprusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (EC, 2010) France and Germany are somewhat opposed to Turkeyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s application. With Turkey being a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“secular Islamic stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Arikan, 2006) it raises concerns for two of the major powers in the EU. Turkey would become the first Muslim country in the EU and in their minds conflicts with the rationale highlighted in Section 3.0 in that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t promote security within the EU. (Nugent, 2004). In conclusion, Turkey has a long way to go before they are accepted into the EU. They need to make drastic changes in areas such as Human Rights for example. Even if they do make the major changes and meet the criteria to join the EU. Opposition may still come from the current member states and prevent them gaining full membership to the Union. We can probably conclude that Turkeyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s application will not be concluded in the near future. So who will be the one to bend first, Turkey or the EU? Appendices

Social Media On Real World Friendships And Interactions

Social media does impede on real world friendships and interactions because it takes away from one-on- one emotional experience with close friends which is vital for a happier and healthier life. Social media is ruining true friendships and conversation. Social media takes away from face to face relationships that are so important. Face to face relationships requires commitment, time, and nurturing. Social media sites impede on relationships by threating true friendships. Face to face relationships are very important because through contact we are getting live interaction, trust, honesty, and integrity. Face to face conversations are more positive and more reliable than friendships online. In cyber space you convers ate with friends but some will not acknowledge the friendship in public. Social media is slowly taking away from face to face relationships, because we contact our family and friends on the computer screen. We are typing while looking at the screen instead of seeing facial expressions. Therefore, we aren’t sure if they are interpreting what we are saying in a negative or positive way. Social media such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, Instagram, and Flicker was invented to keep us in touch and keep us closer to our family and friends. But according to How Facebook ruins Friendships â€Å"we took our friendship online† (Bernstein). First we began communicating more by email than by phone and then switched to instant messaging or texting. By joining social Medias onlineShow MoreRelatedFriendship Between Friendship And Friendship1405 Words   |  6 PagesFriendship is a form of virtue and is indispensable for human life since man is a social being. There are three conditions necessary for friendship to exist: mutual goodwill, awareness of the other’s feelings in their connection, and awareness of their goodwill and attitude toward the other. According to Aristotle there are three types of friendships corresponding to the three objects of love. The first two types are similar and interconnected; they are friendship based on mutual utility and friendshipRe ad MoreSocial Media And Social Networking875 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationship with that person. Facebook and other social networks give us the ability to interact and keep up to date on the daily lives of our close friends and acquaintances. Fisher comments on this phenomenon: â€Å"Today, our number of weak-tie acquaintances has exploded via online social networking. ‘You couldn t maintain all of those weak ties on your own,’ says Jennifer Golbeck at the University of Maryland in College Park, who studies our use of social media. ‘Facebook gives you a way of cataloguingRead MoreSocial And Social Impact On Social Media1485 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology Leading to the Decline of Our Social Skills The rapid growth in our dependency on technology for communication has led to a large decline in our basic social and interaction skills. One of the basic tenets of social psychology is that humans are social animals, however, in the technological world of today we seem to be straying away from this facet of our nature. Ever since the rise of social media and convenience of communication, for example, via mobile devices, we have fallen out ofRead MoreIn Today’S World, It Has Become A Normality For One To1324 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world, it has become a normality for one to engage in social media accounts such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Social media is becoming more popular with each passing year because of the many uses social media has. Social media, being one of the greatest things that humans have ever developed, now allows us to rapidly share information with anyone living anywhere in the world. In fact, social media not only affects regular us ers, but has now changed the way major platforms suchRead More`` The Bright Stuff `` By President Woodrow Wilson : The Only Cement That Will Ever Hold The World979 Words   |  4 Pagesdeclared that â€Å"friendship [was] the only cement that will ever hold the world together†. Human beings form massive networks, tied together by fine threads, like a web. Those relationships revolving around us are expanded by pollination, as meeting friends of friends rapidly increases one’s social network. The importance of understanding human interactions rises in accordance with the continuous changes in our environment. Nowadays, scientific researches interested in the friendship process exploreRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And Agricultural Revolution1509 Words   |  7 Pageswith people from all over the world through multiple means of communication. Perhaps one of the most prevalent sources of correspondence today is social media, particularly Facebook. In developing and maintaining friendships with others online, relationships are both strengthened and weakened by the barriers and networks formed through social media. As a result, sites like Facebook create a communication gap between those whose friendships are dependent upon social media, leaving numerous traits ofRead MoreThe Impact Of Digital Technology On Society903 Words   |  4 Pageswith them came new social media applications. Social media has now become a large factor in the lives of many people across the globe as a means of finding and distributing information. People spend more and more time on the internet, and less time having face to face human interactions. Instead of human interactions and networking, popularity and social status is now based on friends on Facebook, followers on Twitter, and Instagram â€Å"likes†. The lack of meaningful social interactions has caused an increaseRead MoreI Get By With A Little Help From My? Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesI get by with a little help from my†¦? In Curtis Silver’s essay titled â€Å"The Quagmire of Social Media Friendships,† He describes the realization of what a true friend is. With millions of people on social media, anyone can feel as though they have achieved rock star status. This is the ruse social networking sites like Facebook and twitter cause. Having thousands of â€Å"friends† on social media accounts has changed the true meaning on how people connect on a personal level. The question is, is it evenRead MoreDisadvantages Of Facebook1107 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause some don’t think it’s professional. This type of communication, is affecting the way of how people speak face-to-face compared to online. With this being said, it has a huge impact on how the world communicates and on how we will interact with one another in the future. Facebook is a social networking site that makes it easy for you to communicate and share with your family and friends online. Most people these days have Facebook and they use it on a daily basis on their electronic devicesRead MoreThe Current Time Period Of The World919 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world we inhabit we are in a social media age. Social media is websites that enable us to communicate with one another over the internet. Some of these sites are twitter and Facebook. This like anything else comes with pros and cons. An example of a pro would be it is easier for us to find information with websites like google. A major con and what we will be discussing today is a lack of personal communication with each other. It’s quite the contradiction that nowadays with social media

`` Shifting The Center Race, Class, And Feminist...

The New York Times columnist David Brooks calls it â€Å"the greatest political shock of our lifetime.† At the end of August, it seemed as though Donald Trump was destined to fail in his bid to become the 45th President of the United States. After months of new revelations of sexual harassments and use of vulgar language, spectators of the political sport were almost certain that Secretary Clinton would win, and then that fateful day came. Everyone, including some of Donald Trump’s most ardent supporters were shocked at the outcome of the election, leaving many to ask how such a thing could happen. While still shocking, ideas and concepts learned in the Election the President seminar have helped to explain the process, the results, and even the candidates themselves. One of the most useful lessons learned in the seminar class was that of what it means to shift the center. In her article â€Å"Shifting the Center: Race, Class, and Feminist Theorizing About Motherhood†, Patricia Hill Collins discusses the importance of looking at issues from the context of people of different racial, social, economic, and political backgrounds. She writes that â€Å"varying placement in systems of privilege, whether race, class, sexuality, or age, generate divergent experiences,† which allows to engage in â€Å"theorizing that embraces differences as an essential part of commonality.† Only when we are able to look at an issue or policy from different perspectives and contexts can we understand its implications on

Konwledge and Survival - 775 Words

Knowledge nowadays are the utmost significant thing needed by everyone in order to survive in this so called cruel world. But what kind of knowledge need to be kept and what is need to be discarded considering the time frame which is ‘today-tomorrow’? Today might not really mean on this particular day and date but it might as well mean the exact moment when a knowledge is classified as knowledge. Likewise, tomorrow might not really mean tomorrow but it tends to be the future. As knowledge is not totally valued by its function, it might be discarded in the days ahead. In other words, it is ignored. But for the knowledge to be accepted, it needs someone to make the knowledge stay and this someone can be the society or the authority. Therefore, I am going to discuss does knowledge in arts is treated the same way as in natural sciences with regard to time? Arts is the expression of human creativity and to argue with the knowledge question, I claim that yesterday’s k nowledge acquired in arts will not be discarded in the future. Knowledge in arts is insisted to be subjective as it overlaps with all areas of knowledge. To gain knowledge from arts is said to be done by asking yourself what they mean to you and what you can learn from them. â€Å"Creativity takes courage† said Henri Matisse, a French artist. To appreciate the arts, one should not discard the knowledge because knowledge in arts can become knowledge in history. For instance, the prehistoric sculptures that we know today

The Activism Towards The German Unification - 1512 Words

Few people do so much with their lives as Carl Schurz. Even fewer people do so much with their lives and at the same time benefit millions as Carl Schurz. He was a complete politician, both in Germany, where he was from, and in the United States, where he died. He was a unifier, revolutionary, a minister, a general, a secretary and a senator, but also an idealist and a journalist. He was a man of ideas who worked to make those ideas a reality. This essay will focus on his past and on his work. It will start with his journalistic work in Germany and it will continue through his political activism in the United States. This paper will also include my opinion on Schulz, a man whose experience in the activism towards the German unification was invaluable to the healing process after the Civil War. It will also argue that Schulz is a man we need to look up to even today; he is an example and a role model of the leaders we need today in our society. The modern racial clashes we have (police brutality, assassinations in African American churches) need to be addressed not only socially but politically, and bringing back Schulz’s work during the Reconstruction might encourage our politicians to actually do the work instead of bombarding us with pure rhetoric. Schulz, and many men like him, might be what precisely the United States needs today. Starting point: Germany The most staggering characteristic of this man who fought for the unification of the United States is that he was notShow MoreRelatedThe End Of Anti Clerical Legislations2464 Words   |  10 Pagesreligious tension, but only bitter compromise was found at the war’s end. In the centuries that followed, relations between the two religions vacillated from civil to hostile within, and between, each German state. When unification appeared to be a distinct possibility around 1870, the dominant German state, Prussia, searched for possible solutions to this three-hundred year old hostility in such a way that would strengthen the new empire rather than hinder it. The answer came in the form of a seriesRead MoreIn Considering The Process Of Change On German Political Systems Over The Whole Period 1890 22484 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿In considering the process of change on German political systems over the whole period 1890-1991, how far can the Second World War be seen as the key t urning point? Germany’s systems of power and changing of governments in the period of 1890-1990 are radically diverse, suggesting a restless and problematic state. Germany has seen extreme poverty and success throughout the 20th century with undying nationalism throughout. The end of the short lived Nazi regime in 1945 brought about by Axis defeatRead MoreHow and Why Did Mussolini Rise to Power? Essay4426 Words   |  18 Pagesto power was marked by post-war grievances and prolonged economic instability; both of these factors resulted in popular dissatisfaction with liberalism and created an opportune atmosphere for his accession to power. The years following Italy’s unification in 1871 were blighted by poverty, a lack of nationalism and most devastatingly involvement in the First World War, resulting in national humiliation and the diminishing of the liberal government’s authority. This was signified by the marked politicalRead MoreEssay Reveiw4144 Words   |  17 Pagesto the development of nation-states in Western Europe between 1450 and 1648? a. Thesis: Rise of absolutism came at the expense of the medieval church, absolutism laid the foundation for the modern-nation state. Supporting Info: (main body) 1. German princes: Luther’s Reformation = more power for princes. They have greater control of political affairs and national This lays foundation for nation-state as monarch doesn’t have to share power with church. - finances - bureaucracy Before ReformationRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesJean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. Guarneri 213 7 The Technopolitics of Cold War: Toward a Transregional Perspective †¢ Gabrielle Hecht and Paul N. Edwards 271 8 A Century of Environmental Transitions †¢ Richard P. Tucker 315 About the Contributors †¢ 343 _ IN TR OD UC TIO N Michael Adas B y any of theRead MoreTheories of Organizational Behavior10512 Words   |  43 Pagescentury Italian philosopher Machiavelli laid the foundation for contemporary work on organizational power and politics. In 1776, Adam Smith advocated a new form of organizational structure based on the division of labour. One hundred years later, German sociologist Max Weber wrote about rational organizations and initiated discussion of charismatic leadership. Soon after, F W Taylor introduced the systematic use of goal setting and rewards to motivate employees. In the 1920s, Australian-born HarvardRead MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pagesof block printing because wood was too fragile. A number of steps were necessary in the creation of typographic printing. †¢ A style of letter had to be selected. †¢ Gutenberg selected the square, compact textura lettering style commonly used by German scribes of his day. à  Ã¯Æ'   †¢ Each character in the font (including numbers and punctuation) had to be engraved into the top of a matrix of softer copper or brass to make a negative impression of the letterform. †¢ The type mold used for casting theRead MoreWorld Peace8312 Words   |  34 Pagesit blasted the world in 1914, the governments involved were dominated by statist policies.[12][13] However, this theory ignores the brutal colonial wars waged by the western nations against countries outside Europe; as well as the German and  Italian Wars of Unification, theFranco-Prussian war, the  Crimean War, and other conflicts in Europe. It also posits a lack of war as the barometer for peace, when in reality class antagonisms were ever present.[citation needed] One could argue that the argumentRead MoreSymbolic Interactionism George Simmel Jacqueline Low10230 Words   |  41 Pages31.3.325. This content downloaded from 132.194.32.30 on Tue, 31 Mar 2015 20:24:23 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SI3103_05 Page 326 Friday, June 20, 2008 5:20 PM 326 Symbolic Interaction Volume 31, Number 3, 2008 moralism, German idealism, pragmatism, . . . functional psychology† (Reynolds 2003b:39), â€Å"Southern Comptean† assumptions (Lyman and Vidich 2000:10), and, reaching even farther back, ancient Greek philosophy (Prus 2003, 2004)—but rarely, and curiously to my mind, SimmelianRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pageslife-long admirer and collector of Japanese prints, Wright is remembered for bridging Eastern and Western artistic philosophies. Despite his many personal and financial setbacks, Wright continued to build and develop his style, seeking a greater unification between human design and the beauty of nature. His ideas about fitting architecture into the landscape were revolutionary and much-imitated. Wright eventually took on over thirty apprentices, who lived at his home and developed their styles alongside

Was king henry an innovator Free Essays

Henry the VII was born on the 28th of January 1457 and had a very interesting life. He became king In the well-known Battle of Bowwow’s where he killed the king at that time, who was Richard Ill with the assistance of the Stanley brothers. At that point In history, England was a very weak culturally, economically and militarily. We will write a custom essay sample on Was king henry an innovator? or any similar topic only for you Order Now England was also torn in half for years by a civil war which is also known as the Wars of the Roses. This meant that king Henry VII had not only inherited the crown but several major robbers, which Henry intended to solve these issues. Some of these problems were that the British Isles needed unification, as both Ireland and Scotland were both hostile and separate, or the English Just didn’t have control over them. Another problem was the military development. The army Henry inherited with his crown relied on the bow, while other nations were moving on to fire arms. Above all else, though, King Henry VII planned to create a new dynasty; the Tudor dynasty. He went about solving these Issues In a very clever and unique style which proved to be effective. Some believed, though, that Henry merely adopted these ideas from previous monarchs and It just proved more effective In his rule. That’s why there Is not an agreement on whether or not King Henry was an Innovator. Some historians argue that King Henry the VII was an innovator, and have many arguments to support them. Most, if not all, of these arguments revolved around three main areas which were finance, foreign policies and his relationship with the nobles. On the first area, Henry held money very close to his heart. He had adopted Edward Avis use of the chamber (which can also show that he wasn’t an innovator) but had ended up creating more than 3 times the revenue that Edward had made, which was due partly to the fact that Henry supervised his accounts more closely than Edward. Henry also TLD spoil his family. He was assisted greatly by the fact that the only relative In his family was his uncle who had passed away a decade after his reign. Further proof can be seen by â€Å"He was careful not to give away much to his wife’s relatives, the Woodpile connection, to whom Edward had been more generous†. Henry also developed to a fine are his recognizes, which were basically a way of ensuring that henrys more important subjects obeyed the law and lived in peace. The way these recognizes worked were that if a nobleman or gentleman offended the king, or that their conduct was a threat to the public order, they would be obliged to pay specified sums of money if they broke the conditions laid down by the recognizes. It is shown that out of the 62 peers that existed between years 1485 and 1 509, 46 of them were under recognizes at one point or another. This as henrys method of holding the upper class to ransom for their good behavior. At the start of Henrys reign, he had inherited a considerable debt, but ended up becoming solvent In the beginning of his reign. Henry not only became solvent but ended up securing a surplus In his later years. He also had a very strong relationship with the nobles. During The Wars of the Roses, many nobles had taken advantage of relationship to the nobility than his predecessor did. Henry, unlike Edward who made nine new earls, only made two new earls who were his stepfather Lord Stanley and Edward Courtesan. Another difference between Henry and Edward were that there were no â€Å"super-nobles†, while in Edwards reign; he had made his mother’s brother more powerful by showering him with land. Henry was very cautious not to reward too generously, even to the nobles who were most useful to him. Retaining, which was that lords could retain servants or followers to serve him in war or peace, was a major problem for Henry. Both Henry and his predecessor knew that they shouldn’t end it all together, as they recognized a nobles right to retinue, due to the fact that these ties of loyalty between lords and their followers were important for the smooth functioning of society’. Henrys aim, though, was to attempt to end the lawlessness and corruption which could result if retaining remained unchecked. That is when he created the rule in 1504, which stated that every lord had to obtain a license for his retinue from the king equipped with a list of named retainers. The main difference between Henry and Edward was that Henry enforced his laws in a more resolute way. Foreign policies were another one of his specialties. Both Edward and his successor .NET about similarly taking claim to the French throne, both led invasions of France and both achieved treaties by which the French king agreed to pay them annually. They were also very similar with Scotland, as both of them concluded long truces with their neighbors which were eventually broken up by open war. Differences between the two kings were even clearer. King Edward was the renaissance prince, and sought out to gain land by attempting to invade France and Scotland, which were both serious attempts to gain some of the land that England had lost. Henry on the other hand was quite the opposite. He was â€Å"more inclined to peace than war†. Henry had signed a treaty with Spain to ensure security. The treaty of friendship opened the way to marriage between Catherine of Argon, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, and Henrys eldest son, Prince Arthur. He had also strengthened his connections with Scotland by marrying his daughter Margaret and James IV of Scotland, and also ensured that Henry VIII should marry Catherine of Argon, after the death of Prince Arthur. How to cite Was king henry an innovator?, Papers